An Introduction to the Chemistry of the Sea, 2nd Edition
by Michael E. Q. Pilson
Pages: 543
Publisher: --
Edition: 2nd, January 28, 2013
Language: English
ISBN-10: 0521887070
ISBN-13: 978-0521887076
Description
Fully updated and expanded, this new edition provides students with an accessible introduction to marine chemistry. It highlights geochemical interactions between the ocean, solid earth, atmosphere and climate, enabling students to appreciate the interconnectedness of Earth's processes and systems and elucidates the huge variations in the oceans' chemical environment, from surface waters to deep water. Written in a clear, engaging way, the book provides students in oceanography, marine chemistry and biogeochemistry with the fundamental tools they need for a strong understanding of ocean chemistry. Appendices present information on seawater properties, key equations and constants for calculating oceanographic processes. New to this edition are end-of-chapter problems for students to put theory into practice, summaries to allow easy review of material and a comprehensive glossary. Supporting online resources include solutions to problems and figures from the book.
Table Of Contents
Preface page ix
Acknowledgments xi
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Scope of chemical oceanography 2
1.2 History of chemical oceanography 5
1.3 Major features of ocean circulation 12
2 The water in seawater 20
2.1 Physical properties of water 20
2.2 Isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen 29
2.3 Clathrate compounds 41
3 Salinity, chlorinity, conductivity, and density 46
3.1 Need for accurate determination of salinity and density 46
3.2 Salinity 48
3.3 Chlorinity 51
3.4 Relationships between chlorinity and salinity 52
3.5 Conductivity and salinity 53
3.6 Salinity and density 59
4 Major constituents of seawater 66
4.1 Concentrations 66
4.2 Residence times 69
5 Simple gases 74
5.1 Simple gas laws 75
5.2 Solubility in water 76
5.3 Sources and sinks within the ocean 80
5.4 Atmospheric exchange by diffusion 81
5.5 Air injection 90
6 Salts in solution 95
6.1 Solubility of salts 95
6.2 Freezing point and boiling point 97
6.3 Osmotic pressure 97
6.4 Activity coefficients 101
6.5 Electrostriction 105
6.6 Absorption of sound 107
6.7 A note on pH 110
7 Carbon dioxide 114
7.1 Reservoirs of carbon dioxide 115
7.2 Relationships in solution 116
7.3 Calcium carbonate 136
7.4 Anthropogenic carbon dioxide 150
7.5 Longer-term issues 173
8 Nutrients 176
8.1 Phosphorus 176
8.2 Nitrogen 186
8.3 Silicon 199
8.4 Other nutrients 209
8.5 Quantitative relationships 212
8.6 Initial nutrients 220
9 Trace metals and other minor elements 228
9.1 Analytical considerations 228
9.2 Various patterns of distribution 231
9.3 Mercury, an interesting special case 243
9.4 Speciation 249
9.5 Iron, another special case 253
9.6 Trace elements in sediments 257
10 Radioactive clocks 261
10.1 Radioactivity 262
10.2 Radionuclides in seawater 267
10.3 The uranium series 270
10.4 Carbon-14 278
11 Organic matter in the sea 287
11.1 Historical note 288
11.2 Primary production 289
11.3 Other sources of organic matter 294
11.4 Fate of the primary product 296
11.5 Measurement of organic carbon in seawater 304
11.6 Concentration and age of marine organic matter 305
11.7 Nature of marine organic matter 308
12 Anoxic marine environments 327
12.1 Rates of oxygen consumption 327
12.2 Anoxic oxidation 330
12.3 The Black Sea 333
13 Exchanges at the boundaries 342
13.1 River input 343
13.2 Air–sea exchange 345
13.3 Hot rocks 347
13.4 Sediment–water exchange 356
13.5 Warm clay 361
13.6 Residence times 365
14 Chemical extraction of useful substances from the sea 368
14.1 Salt 368
14.2 Evaporation of seawater 370
14.3 Rock salt 372
14.4 Magnesium 374
14.5 Bromine 375
14.6 Gold 376
14.7 Water 377
15 Geochemical history of the oceans 379
15.1 Illustrative rates 380
15.2 Early history of the ocean volume 381
15.3 Glacially caused changes in ocean volume 387
15.4 Mass of salt in the ocean 387
15.5 Composition of sea salt 389
15.6 Oxygen 392
15.7 Strontium isotopes 393
15.8 The churning of the Earth 394
Appendices 398
A. The chemical elements 398
B. Symbols, units, and nomenclature 403
C. Physical properties of seawater 407
D. Gases 417
E. Carbon dioxide 433
F. Dissociation constants and pH scales 444
G. Solubility of calcium carbonate 453
H. Effects of pressure 456
I. Radioactive decay 459
J. Geochemical reservoirs, and some rates 464
K. Sound absorption 471
Epilogue 472
Glossary 476
Questions for chapters 480
References 488
Index 521
by Michael E. Q. Pilson
Pages: 543
Publisher: --
Edition: 2nd, January 28, 2013
Language: English
ISBN-10: 0521887070
ISBN-13: 978-0521887076
Description
Fully updated and expanded, this new edition provides students with an accessible introduction to marine chemistry. It highlights geochemical interactions between the ocean, solid earth, atmosphere and climate, enabling students to appreciate the interconnectedness of Earth's processes and systems and elucidates the huge variations in the oceans' chemical environment, from surface waters to deep water. Written in a clear, engaging way, the book provides students in oceanography, marine chemistry and biogeochemistry with the fundamental tools they need for a strong understanding of ocean chemistry. Appendices present information on seawater properties, key equations and constants for calculating oceanographic processes. New to this edition are end-of-chapter problems for students to put theory into practice, summaries to allow easy review of material and a comprehensive glossary. Supporting online resources include solutions to problems and figures from the book.
Table Of Contents
Preface page ix
Acknowledgments xi
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Scope of chemical oceanography 2
1.2 History of chemical oceanography 5
1.3 Major features of ocean circulation 12
2 The water in seawater 20
2.1 Physical properties of water 20
2.2 Isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen 29
2.3 Clathrate compounds 41
3 Salinity, chlorinity, conductivity, and density 46
3.1 Need for accurate determination of salinity and density 46
3.2 Salinity 48
3.3 Chlorinity 51
3.4 Relationships between chlorinity and salinity 52
3.5 Conductivity and salinity 53
3.6 Salinity and density 59
4 Major constituents of seawater 66
4.1 Concentrations 66
4.2 Residence times 69
5 Simple gases 74
5.1 Simple gas laws 75
5.2 Solubility in water 76
5.3 Sources and sinks within the ocean 80
5.4 Atmospheric exchange by diffusion 81
5.5 Air injection 90
6 Salts in solution 95
6.1 Solubility of salts 95
6.2 Freezing point and boiling point 97
6.3 Osmotic pressure 97
6.4 Activity coefficients 101
6.5 Electrostriction 105
6.6 Absorption of sound 107
6.7 A note on pH 110
7 Carbon dioxide 114
7.1 Reservoirs of carbon dioxide 115
7.2 Relationships in solution 116
7.3 Calcium carbonate 136
7.4 Anthropogenic carbon dioxide 150
7.5 Longer-term issues 173
8 Nutrients 176
8.1 Phosphorus 176
8.2 Nitrogen 186
8.3 Silicon 199
8.4 Other nutrients 209
8.5 Quantitative relationships 212
8.6 Initial nutrients 220
9 Trace metals and other minor elements 228
9.1 Analytical considerations 228
9.2 Various patterns of distribution 231
9.3 Mercury, an interesting special case 243
9.4 Speciation 249
9.5 Iron, another special case 253
9.6 Trace elements in sediments 257
10 Radioactive clocks 261
10.1 Radioactivity 262
10.2 Radionuclides in seawater 267
10.3 The uranium series 270
10.4 Carbon-14 278
11 Organic matter in the sea 287
11.1 Historical note 288
11.2 Primary production 289
11.3 Other sources of organic matter 294
11.4 Fate of the primary product 296
11.5 Measurement of organic carbon in seawater 304
11.6 Concentration and age of marine organic matter 305
11.7 Nature of marine organic matter 308
12 Anoxic marine environments 327
12.1 Rates of oxygen consumption 327
12.2 Anoxic oxidation 330
12.3 The Black Sea 333
13 Exchanges at the boundaries 342
13.1 River input 343
13.2 Air–sea exchange 345
13.3 Hot rocks 347
13.4 Sediment–water exchange 356
13.5 Warm clay 361
13.6 Residence times 365
14 Chemical extraction of useful substances from the sea 368
14.1 Salt 368
14.2 Evaporation of seawater 370
14.3 Rock salt 372
14.4 Magnesium 374
14.5 Bromine 375
14.6 Gold 376
14.7 Water 377
15 Geochemical history of the oceans 379
15.1 Illustrative rates 380
15.2 Early history of the ocean volume 381
15.3 Glacially caused changes in ocean volume 387
15.4 Mass of salt in the ocean 387
15.5 Composition of sea salt 389
15.6 Oxygen 392
15.7 Strontium isotopes 393
15.8 The churning of the Earth 394
Appendices 398
A. The chemical elements 398
B. Symbols, units, and nomenclature 403
C. Physical properties of seawater 407
D. Gases 417
E. Carbon dioxide 433
F. Dissociation constants and pH scales 444
G. Solubility of calcium carbonate 453
H. Effects of pressure 456
I. Radioactive decay 459
J. Geochemical reservoirs, and some rates 464
K. Sound absorption 471
Epilogue 472
Glossary 476
Questions for chapters 480
References 488
Index 521
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