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Sascha Iqbal:
Duckweed Aquaculture - Potentials, Possibilities and Limitations for Combined Wastewater Treatment and Animal Feed Production in Developing Countries
SANDEC Report No. 6/99
March 1999
Dept. of Water & Sanitation in Developing Countries, SANDEC
Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science & Technology, EAWAG
Ueberlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
This literature review provides a first overview of the possibilities,
potentials and limits of duckweed aquaculture and its combined
use in wastewater treatment and animal feed production in low
and middle-income countries. It is somewhat limited as critical
literature on duckweed field use is scarce and difficult to obtain
(e.g. unpublished internal documents). According to NGOs and
commercial suppliers, the duckweed projects seem very positive
and promising, and the practical problems encountered with
their application rarely mentioned.
Nevertheless, extensive scientific literature is available on the taxonomy,
physiology and ecology of duckweed. The comprehensive
monographic study by Landolt (1986) and Landolt and
Kandeler (1987) lists over 3400 references. This can be attributed
to the fact that duckweed is regarded by botanists and
plant physiologists the same way as E. coli is viewed by
microbiologists and biochemists, namely a model organism for
physiological, biochemical and metabolic studies, easy to handle
and cultivate under laboratory conditions. This monographic
study is of key importance for further research on the use of
duckweed. Other references of major importance are the literature
review by Gijzen and Khondker (1997) and the DWRP reports
(DWRP 1996, 1997a and 1997b) which give a comprehensive
overview of the “state of the art” of duckweed-based
treatment/production systems and duckweed related research.
These references were a major source of information for the
present document.
The current review focuses on the combined use of duckweed
in wastewater treatment and animal feed production in economically
less developed countries. Despite the fact that most of the
available literature originates from industrialised countries and
often describes either the wastewater treatment or the feed production
aspect of duckweed, but its dual use is rarely discussed.
Duckweed Aquaculture - Potentials, Possibilities and Limitations for Combined Wastewater Treatment and Animal Feed Production in Developing Countries
SANDEC Report No. 6/99
March 1999
Dept. of Water & Sanitation in Developing Countries, SANDEC
Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science & Technology, EAWAG
Ueberlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
This literature review provides a first overview of the possibilities,
potentials and limits of duckweed aquaculture and its combined
use in wastewater treatment and animal feed production in low
and middle-income countries. It is somewhat limited as critical
literature on duckweed field use is scarce and difficult to obtain
(e.g. unpublished internal documents). According to NGOs and
commercial suppliers, the duckweed projects seem very positive
and promising, and the practical problems encountered with
their application rarely mentioned.
Nevertheless, extensive scientific literature is available on the taxonomy,
physiology and ecology of duckweed. The comprehensive
monographic study by Landolt (1986) and Landolt and
Kandeler (1987) lists over 3400 references. This can be attributed
to the fact that duckweed is regarded by botanists and
plant physiologists the same way as E. coli is viewed by
microbiologists and biochemists, namely a model organism for
physiological, biochemical and metabolic studies, easy to handle
and cultivate under laboratory conditions. This monographic
study is of key importance for further research on the use of
duckweed. Other references of major importance are the literature
review by Gijzen and Khondker (1997) and the DWRP reports
(DWRP 1996, 1997a and 1997b) which give a comprehensive
overview of the “state of the art” of duckweed-based
treatment/production systems and duckweed related research.
These references were a major source of information for the
present document.
The current review focuses on the combined use of duckweed
in wastewater treatment and animal feed production in economically
less developed countries. Despite the fact that most of the
available literature originates from industrialised countries and
often describes either the wastewater treatment or the feed production
aspect of duckweed, but its dual use is rarely discussed.