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[TABLE="width: 100%"]
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[TD="class: itemviewrow, align: left"] Environmental Microbiology of Aquatic and Waste Systems
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[TD="class: itemviewrow, width: 150, align: right"] [/TD]
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[TD="align: left"] by: Nduka Okafor [/TD]
[TD="width: 150, align: right"] [/TD]
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[TABLE="width: 100%"]
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[TD="width: 30%, align: right"]year: [/TD]
[TD="width: 70%, align: left"] 2011 [/TD]
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[TD="width: 30%, align: right"] pages: [/TD]
[TD="width: 70%, align: left"] 324 [/TD]
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[TD="width: 30%, align: right"] bookmarked: [/TD]
[TD="width: 70%, align: left"] yes [/TD]
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[TD="width: 30%, align: right"] paginated: [/TD]
[TD="width: 70%, align: left"] yes [/TD]
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[TD="width: 30%, align: right"] vector: [/TD]
[TD="width: 70%, align: left"] yes [/TD]
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[TD="width: 30%, align: right"] cover: [/TD]
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[TD="width: 30%, align: right"] searchable: [/TD]
[TD="width: 70%, align: left"] yes [/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="width: 30%, align: right"] doi: [/TD]
[TD="width: 70%, align: left"] 10.1007/978-94-007-1460-1 [/TD]
[/TR]
[/TABLE]
This book places the main actors in environmental microbiology, namely the microorganisms, on center stage. Using the modern approach of 16S ribosomal RNA, the book looks at the taxonomy of marine and freshwater bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, viruses, and the smaller aquatic animals such as nematodes and rotifers, as well as at the study of unculturable aquatic microorganisms (metagenomics). The peculiarities of water as an environment for microbial growth, and the influence of aquatic microorganisms on global climate and global recycling of nitrogen and sulphur are also examined. The pollution of water is explored in the context of self-purification of natural waters. Modern municipal water purification and disease transmission through water are discussed. Alternative methods for solid waste disposal are related to the economic capability of a society. Viruses are given special attention. By focusing on the basics, this primer will appeal across a wide range of disciplines.
Common terms and phrases:
algae anammox Archaea bacteria chlorine cyanobacteria landfill methanogens microorganisms photosynthesis protozoa
Cover
Environmental Microbiology of Aquatic and Waste Systems
ISBN 9789400714595
Preface
Contents
Part I: Introduction
1: Nature, Properties, and Distribution of Water
1.1 Physical and Chemical Properties of Water and Their Consequences
1.1.1 Molecular Structure of Water and Its Strong Surface Tension
1.1.2 The High Surface Tension of Water and Capillarity in Plants
1.1.3 The Three Physical States of Water, and the Floatation of Ice
1.1.4 The Thermal Properties of Water and Their Effect on Climate
1.1.5 The Change in the Nature of Water at Different Temperatures and Lake Temperatures
1.1.6 The Low Electrical Conductivity of Pure Water
1.1.7 The High Chemical Reactiveness of Water
1.1.8 The pH of Water
1.1.9 The High Solvent Power of Water
1.2 Importance and Uses of Water
1.2.1 Composition of Biological Objects
1.2.2 Drinking by Man and Animals and Domestic Use
1.2.3 Irrigation and Aquaculture
1.2.4 Power Generation
1.2.5 Transportation
1.2.6 Recreation
1.2.7 Human Affairs
1.3 The Hydrologic Cycle
1.4 Classification of Waters
1.4.1 Natural Waters
1.4.2 Artificial Waters
1.5 Global Distribution of Water on Earth and Its Study
References
2: Peculiarities of Water as an Environmental Habitat for Microorganisms
2.1 The Peculiar Nature of Water as an Environment for Microbial Habitation
2.2 Ecological Habitats of Microorganisms in Aquatic Environments
2.3 Foreign Versus Indigenous Aquatic Bacteria
2.4 Challenges of Aquatic Life: Factors Affecting the Microbial Population in Natural Waters
2.5 Methods for the Enumeration of Microorganisms in the Aquatic Environment
2.5.1 Cultural Methods
2.5.2 Direct Methods
2.5.2.1 Light Microscopy
2.5.2.2 Electron Microscopy
2.5.2.3 Flow Cytometry
2.5.3 Determination of Bacterial Mass
2.5.3.1 Direct Methods
2.5.3.2 Indirect Methods
References
Part II: Biological Aspects of Microorganisms in Aquatic Environments
3: Aspects of the Molecular Biology of Microorganisms of Relevance to the Aquatic Environment
3.1 Protein Synthesis
3.1.1 Transcription
3.1.2 Translation
3.2 The Polymerase Chain Reaction
3.2.1 Some Applications of PCR in Environmental Biotechnology
3.3 Microarrays
3.3.1 Applications of Microarray Technology
3.4 Sequencing of DNA
3.4.1 Sequencing of Short DNA Fragments
3.4.2 Sequencing of Genomes or Large DNA Fragments
3.4.2.1 Use of Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes
3.4.2.2 Use of the Shotgun Approach
3.5 The Open Reading Frame and the Identification of Genes
3.6 Metagenomics
References
4: Taxonomy, Physiology, and Ecology of Aquatic Microorganisms
4.1 Taxonomy of Microorganisms in Aquatic Environments
4.1.1 Nature of Modern Taxonomy
4.1.2 Evolution of the Classification of Living Things
4.1.3 Determining Taxonomic Groups Within Domains
4.1.3.1 Definition of Species
4.1.3.2 Nomenclature of Biological Objects
4.1.3.3 Criteria and Methods for the Identification and Classification of Bacteria and Archae: Morphological, Physiological, Nucleic Acid, and Chemical Properties
Morphological and Physiological Methods
Nucleic Acid Methods
Chemical Analysis of Microbial Components for Taxonomic Purposes (Chemotaxonomy)
4.1.4 Bacteria
4.1.4.1 Taxonomic Groups Among Bacteria
4.1.4.2 Aspects of the Physiology and Ecology of Microorganisms in the Aquatic Environment
Photosynthesis
The Pigments of Photosynthesis
The Light Reactions
The Dark or Light-Independent Reactions of Photosynthesis
Summary: Differences Between Photosynthesis in Plants and in the Bacteria
Aspects of the Physiology of Photosynthetic Bacteria
Nitrogen Economy in Aquatic Systems
Nitrogen Fixation
Nitrification
Denitrification
Anammox
The Sulfur Cycle in the Aquatic System and Bacteria
Iron Bacteria
4.1.5 Archae
4.1.5.1 General Properties of Archaea
4.1.5.2 Taxonomic Groups Among Archeae
Euryarchaeota
Crenarchaeota
4.1.6 Microbial Taxonomic Groups Among Eucharia
4.1.6.1 Protozoa
4.1.6.2 Fungi
Taxonomy of Fungi
4.1.6.3 Algae
Taxonomy of Algae
4.1.7 Viruses
4.1.7.1 Viral Taxonomy and Nomenclature
4.1.7.2 The Viral Groups
DNA Viruses (Groups I and II)
RNA Viruses (Groups III, IV and V)
Reverse Transcribing Viruses (Groups VI and VII)
The Structure of the DNA and RNA Viruses
4.1.7.3 Bacteriophages in the Aquatic Environment
Life History of Bacteriophages
Methods for the Study of Bacteriophages
Isolation and Enumeration of Bacteriophages
Bacteriophages and Their Bacterial Hosts
4.1.8 Small Multicellular Macroorganisms in Aquatic Systems
4.1.8.1 Crustaceans (Including Rotifers)
4.1.8.2 Nematodes
References
Part III: The Ecology of Microorganisms in Natural Waters
5: Ecology of Microorganisms in Freshwater
5.1 Microbial Ecology of Atmospheric Waters
5.2 Microbial Ecology of Surface Waters
5.2.1 Rivers and Streams
5.2.2 Lakes and Ponds
5.2.3 Wetlands
5.3 Ground Waters
5.4 Some Microorganisms Usually Encountered in Fresh Water
5.4.1 Bacteria
5.4.1.1 New Data Regarding Freshwater Bacteria
5.4.2 Fungi
5.4.3 Algae
5.4.4 Protozoa
5.5 Succession of Organisms in the Breakdown Materials Added to Aquatic Systems
5.5.1 The Physiological Basis of Aquatic Microbial Ecology
5.6 Microbial Loop and the Food Web in a Freshwater System
References
6: Ecology of Microorganisms in Saline Waters (Seas and Oceans)
6.1 The Ocean Environment
6.2 Some Properties of Sea Water
6.2.1 Salinity
6.2.2 Temperature
6.2.3 Light
6.2.4 Nutrients
6.2.5 Oxygen and CO2 in the Marine Environment
6.2.6 Sea Sediments
6.3 Microbial Ecology of the Seas and Oceans
6.3.1 Bacteria
6.3.2 Archae
6.3.3 Fungi
6.3.4 Algae
6.3.5 Protozoa
6.3.6 Viruses
6.3.7 Plankton
6.4 Unique Aspects of the Existence of Microorganisms in the Marine Environment
6.4.1 Low Temperature
6.4.2 High Pressure
6.4.3 Oxygen
6.4.4 Food/Nutrients
6.4.5 Light
6.4.6 High Temperature
6.4.7 Size in Marine Microorganisms
6.5 The Place of Microorganisms in the Food Chains of the Oceans and Seas
6.6 Marine Microorganisms and Their Influence on Global Climate and Global Nutrient Recycling
6.6.1 The Influence of Marine Microorganisms on Global Climate and Global Nutrient Recycling
6.6.1.1 Global Marine Algal Sulfur Recycling, Dimethylsulfoniopropionate, Dimethyl Sulfide and Climate Change
6.6.1.2 Carbon Recycling by Marine Algae and Reduction of Global Warming
6.6.1.3 Marine Microorganisms and the Nitrogen Economy of Seas and Oceans
Nitrogen Fixation in the Ocean
Anaerobic Oxidations of Ammonium and of Methane
6.6.1.4 The Global C:N
Marine Ratio and Its Maintenance Through Microbial Activity: The Redfield Ratio
References
Part IV: Pollution and Purification of, and Disease Transmission in, Water
7: Pollution of Aquatic Systems: Pollution Through Eutrophication, Fecal Materials, and Oil Spills
7.1 Nature of Pollution
7.1.1 The Concept of the Self-purification of Water as Basis for the Understanding of Pollution
7.1.2 Definition of Pollution
7.1.3 Kinds of Pollutants
7.1.4 Pollution by Eutrophication
7.1.4.1 “Algal Blooms” and Eutrophication
Factors Encouraging Bloom Formation
Factors Adversely Affecting Blooms
7.1.5 Biological Indicators of Pollution by Eutrophication
7.2 Pollution of Water with Reference to Human Health: Bacterial Indicators of Fecal Pollution
7.2.1 Microbiological Examination of Water for Fecal Contamination
7.2.1.1 Principle of Indicator Organisms
7.2.1.2 Procedure for the Determination of Fecal Contamination
7.2.1.3 Methods Used in the Enumeration of Indicator Organisms in Water
7.2.1.4 Standard Water Analysis
The Presumptive Test
The Confirmed Test
The Completed Test
7.2.1.5 Total Maximum Daily Loads and Microbial Source Tracking in Water Pollution
Microbial Source Tracking
Methodologies Employed in MST
Choice of the MST Method to Use
7.3 Pollution by Petroleum in Oceans and Seas: Role of Microorganisms in Oil Degradation and Remediation
7.3.1 Composition of Crude Oil
7.3.1.1 Categorization of Crude Petroleum
7.3.2 Oil Spills
7.3.2.1 Behavior of Oil in an Oil Spill
7.3.2.2 Remediation of Oil Spills
References
8: Disease Transmission in Water
8.1 Disease Transmission Through Drinking Water
8.1.1 Communicable Diseases Transmitted Through Drinking Water
8.1.2 Disease Outbreaks in Drinking Water Due to the Presence of Chemicals, and Biotoxins
8.1.2.1 Brief Notes on Some Water-Borne Diseases
Cholera
Salmonellosis
Cryptosporidiosis
Shigellosis
Tuberculosis
Atypical Tuberculosis
Leptospirosis
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli
Aeromonas
Amoebiasis
Giardiasis
Viruses
Parasitic Worms
8.2 Disease Transmission in Recreational Waters
8.2.1 Disease Transmission in Recreational Waters Through Fecal Material
8.2.1.1 Fecal Bacteria Which Have Caused Disease Outbreaks in Recreational Waters
8.2.1.2 Fecal Protozoa Which Have Caused Disease Outbreaks in Recreational Waters
8.2.1.3 Fecal Viruses Which Have Caused Disease Outbreaks in Recreational Waters
8.2.2 Disease Transmission in Recreational Water Through Non-fecal Material
8.2.2.1 Disease Transmission by Bacteria in Recreational Water Through Non-fecal Material
8.2.2.2 Disease Transmission by Viruses in Recreational Water Through Non-fecal Material
8.2.2.3 Disease Transmission by Protozoa in Recreational Water Through Non-fecal Material
8.2.2.4 Disease Transmission by Fungi in Recreational Water Through Non-fecal Material: Trichophyton spp. and Epidermophyton floccosum
8.3 Disease Transmission Through Shellfish Growing in Fecally Contaminated Water
8.3.1 Description of Shellfish
8.3.2 Monitoring the Aquatic Environment of Shellfish Growth
8.3.2.1 Procedure for Monitoring Shellfish Growing Areas in the US
Classification of Shellfish Growing Areas
8.4 Recent Developments Regarding Knowledge of Pathogens in Drinking Water
References
9: Municipal Purification of Water
9.1 The Need for Water Purification
9.2 The Quality of the Raw Water to Be Purified
9.3 Processes for the Municipal Purification of Water
9.3.1 Pretreatments
9.3.2 Storage and Sedimentation Without Coagulation
9.3.3 Aeration
9.3.4 Coagulation and Flocculation
9.3.5 Sedimentation
9.3.6 Filtration
9.3.7 Chlorination (and Other Methods of) Disinfection
9.3.7.1 Reactions of Chlorine with Chemicals Found in Water
9.3.7.2 The Present Practice of Water Chlorination
9.3.7.3 Mode of Action of Chlorine Disinfection
9.3.7.4 Factors Affecting the Efficacy of Disinfection in Water by Chlorine (and the other Halogens)
9.3.7.5 Tests for Chlorine in Water
9.3.7.6 Alternative Methods of Disinfection Besides Chlorine and Other Halogens
9.3.7.7 Ozone
Factors affecting the Efficacy of Ozonation in Water
Mode of Action of Ozone
9.3.8 Ultraviolet Light
9.3.8.1 Mode of Action and Use of UV
9.3.9 Iron and Manganese Control
9.3.10 Softening of Water
9.3.11 Fluoridation
9.3.12 Algae Control (and Control of Taste and Odors)
9.3.12.1 Methods for the Control of Algae and Taste and Odor
9.3.13 Color and Turbidity Removal
9.3.14 Miscellaneous Treatments Water Purification
9.3.14.1 Plumbosolvency Removal
9.3.14.2 Radium (Radioactivity) Removal
9.3.14.3 Reverse Osmosis
9.3.14.4 Ion Exchange
9.3.14.5 Electrodeionization
9.4 Purification of Bottled Water
9.5 Standards Required of Water
9.5.1 Standards Required for Drinking Water
9.5.1.1 The Microbiological Standards
9.5.1.2 Turbidity
9.5.1.3 Chemical Standards
9.5.2 Standards Required for Recreational Waters
9.5.3 Standards Required for Shellfish Harvesting Waters
References
Part V: Waste Disposal in Aquatic and Solid Media
10: Waste Disposal in the Aqueous Medium: Sewage Disposal
10.1 Nature of Wastes
10.2 Methods for the Determination of Organic Matter Content in Sewage and Wastewaters
10.2.1 Determination of Dissolved Oxygen
10.2.1.1 The Biological or Biochemical Oxygen Demand Test
10.2.1.2 Permanganate Value Test
10.2.1.3 Chemical Oxygen Demand
10.2.1.4 Total Organic Carbon
10.2.1.5 Total Suspended Solids
10.2.1.6 Volatile Suspended Solids
10.3 Systems for the Treatment of Sewage
10.3.1 Aerobic Breakdown of Raw Waste Waters
10.3.1.1 The Activated Sludge System
Microbiology of the Activated Sludge Process
Bulking in Activated Sludge Systems
Nutrition of Organisms in the Activated Sludge Process
Modifications of the Activated Sludge System
Efficiency of Activated Sludge Treatments
10.3.1.2 The Trickling Filter
Microbiology of the Trickling Filter
10.3.1.3 Rotating Discs
10.3.1.4 Oxidation Ponds
The Microbiology of the Oxidation Pond
10.3.2 Anaerobic Sewage Systems
10.3.2.1 Treatment of the Sludge from Aerobic Sewage Treatment Systems: Anaerobic Breakdown of Sludge
10.3.2.2 The Septic Tank
10.3.2.3 The Imhoff Tank
10.3.2.4 Cesspools
10.4 Advanced Wastewater Treatment
10.4.1 Methods Used in Advanced Wastewater Treatment
References*
11: The Disposal of Municipal Solid Wastes
11.1 The Nature of Wastes in General
11.2 The World-Wide Development of Interest in the Environment
11.2.1 The Stockholm Conference, 1972: Beginning of World-Wide Interest in the Protection of the Environment
11.2.2 Environmental Regulation in the European Union
11.2.3 Environmental Regulations in Japan
11.2.4 Governmental Regulation of the Environment in Ghana
11.2.5 Egypt’s Environmental Affairs Agency
11.3 Nature of Municipal Solid Wastes
11.3.1 Integrated Solid Waste Management
11.3.1.1 Source Reduction
11.3.1.2 Recycling
11.3.1.3 Incineration with Energy Recovery
Modern and Emerging (and Safer?) Methods of the Thermal Treating of MSW
11.3.1.4 Composting
Preprocessing
Compost Processing Conditions
Compost Post Processing or the Curing Stage
Microbiology of Composting
11.3.1.5 Landfills Used in the Disposal of MSW
Factors to be Considered in Planning an MSW Landfill
Parts of a Landfill
Operation of a Landfill
Problems of Landfills
11.4 Anaerobic Breakdown of Organic Matter in Landfills (and Aquatic Sediments)
11.4.1 Some Properties of Methanogens
11.4.2 Landfill Gas
11.4.2.1 Landfill Methane Capture Technology
11.5 Options for Municipal Solid Wastes Management
References
Index
[TR]
[TD="class: itemviewrow, align: left"] Environmental Microbiology of Aquatic and Waste Systems
[/TD]
[TD="class: itemviewrow, width: 150, align: right"] [/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="align: left"] by: Nduka Okafor [/TD]
[TD="width: 150, align: right"] [/TD]
[/TR]
[/TABLE]
[TR]
[TD="width: 30%, align: right"]year: [/TD]
[TD="width: 70%, align: left"] 2011 [/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="width: 30%, align: right"] pages: [/TD]
[TD="width: 70%, align: left"] 324 [/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="width: 30%, align: right"] bookmarked: [/TD]
[TD="width: 70%, align: left"] yes [/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="width: 30%, align: right"] paginated: [/TD]
[TD="width: 70%, align: left"] yes [/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="width: 30%, align: right"] vector: [/TD]
[TD="width: 70%, align: left"] yes [/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="width: 30%, align: right"] cover: [/TD]
[TD="width: 70%, align: left"] yes [/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="width: 30%, align: right"] searchable: [/TD]
[TD="width: 70%, align: left"] yes [/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="width: 30%, align: right"] doi: [/TD]
[TD="width: 70%, align: left"] 10.1007/978-94-007-1460-1 [/TD]
[/TR]
[/TABLE]
This book places the main actors in environmental microbiology, namely the microorganisms, on center stage. Using the modern approach of 16S ribosomal RNA, the book looks at the taxonomy of marine and freshwater bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, viruses, and the smaller aquatic animals such as nematodes and rotifers, as well as at the study of unculturable aquatic microorganisms (metagenomics). The peculiarities of water as an environment for microbial growth, and the influence of aquatic microorganisms on global climate and global recycling of nitrogen and sulphur are also examined. The pollution of water is explored in the context of self-purification of natural waters. Modern municipal water purification and disease transmission through water are discussed. Alternative methods for solid waste disposal are related to the economic capability of a society. Viruses are given special attention. By focusing on the basics, this primer will appeal across a wide range of disciplines.
Common terms and phrases:
algae anammox Archaea bacteria chlorine cyanobacteria landfill methanogens microorganisms photosynthesis protozoa
Cover
Environmental Microbiology of Aquatic and Waste Systems
ISBN 9789400714595
Preface
Contents
Part I: Introduction
1: Nature, Properties, and Distribution of Water
1.1 Physical and Chemical Properties of Water and Their Consequences
1.1.1 Molecular Structure of Water and Its Strong Surface Tension
1.1.2 The High Surface Tension of Water and Capillarity in Plants
1.1.3 The Three Physical States of Water, and the Floatation of Ice
1.1.4 The Thermal Properties of Water and Their Effect on Climate
1.1.5 The Change in the Nature of Water at Different Temperatures and Lake Temperatures
1.1.6 The Low Electrical Conductivity of Pure Water
1.1.7 The High Chemical Reactiveness of Water
1.1.8 The pH of Water
1.1.9 The High Solvent Power of Water
1.2 Importance and Uses of Water
1.2.1 Composition of Biological Objects
1.2.2 Drinking by Man and Animals and Domestic Use
1.2.3 Irrigation and Aquaculture
1.2.4 Power Generation
1.2.5 Transportation
1.2.6 Recreation
1.2.7 Human Affairs
1.3 The Hydrologic Cycle
1.4 Classification of Waters
1.4.1 Natural Waters
1.4.2 Artificial Waters
1.5 Global Distribution of Water on Earth and Its Study
References
2: Peculiarities of Water as an Environmental Habitat for Microorganisms
2.1 The Peculiar Nature of Water as an Environment for Microbial Habitation
2.2 Ecological Habitats of Microorganisms in Aquatic Environments
2.3 Foreign Versus Indigenous Aquatic Bacteria
2.4 Challenges of Aquatic Life: Factors Affecting the Microbial Population in Natural Waters
2.5 Methods for the Enumeration of Microorganisms in the Aquatic Environment
2.5.1 Cultural Methods
2.5.2 Direct Methods
2.5.2.1 Light Microscopy
2.5.2.2 Electron Microscopy
2.5.2.3 Flow Cytometry
2.5.3 Determination of Bacterial Mass
2.5.3.1 Direct Methods
2.5.3.2 Indirect Methods
References
Part II: Biological Aspects of Microorganisms in Aquatic Environments
3: Aspects of the Molecular Biology of Microorganisms of Relevance to the Aquatic Environment
3.1 Protein Synthesis
3.1.1 Transcription
3.1.2 Translation
3.2 The Polymerase Chain Reaction
3.2.1 Some Applications of PCR in Environmental Biotechnology
3.3 Microarrays
3.3.1 Applications of Microarray Technology
3.4 Sequencing of DNA
3.4.1 Sequencing of Short DNA Fragments
3.4.2 Sequencing of Genomes or Large DNA Fragments
3.4.2.1 Use of Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes
3.4.2.2 Use of the Shotgun Approach
3.5 The Open Reading Frame and the Identification of Genes
3.6 Metagenomics
References
4: Taxonomy, Physiology, and Ecology of Aquatic Microorganisms
4.1 Taxonomy of Microorganisms in Aquatic Environments
4.1.1 Nature of Modern Taxonomy
4.1.2 Evolution of the Classification of Living Things
4.1.3 Determining Taxonomic Groups Within Domains
4.1.3.1 Definition of Species
4.1.3.2 Nomenclature of Biological Objects
4.1.3.3 Criteria and Methods for the Identification and Classification of Bacteria and Archae: Morphological, Physiological, Nucleic Acid, and Chemical Properties
Morphological and Physiological Methods
Nucleic Acid Methods
Chemical Analysis of Microbial Components for Taxonomic Purposes (Chemotaxonomy)
4.1.4 Bacteria
4.1.4.1 Taxonomic Groups Among Bacteria
4.1.4.2 Aspects of the Physiology and Ecology of Microorganisms in the Aquatic Environment
Photosynthesis
The Pigments of Photosynthesis
The Light Reactions
The Dark or Light-Independent Reactions of Photosynthesis
Summary: Differences Between Photosynthesis in Plants and in the Bacteria
Aspects of the Physiology of Photosynthetic Bacteria
Nitrogen Economy in Aquatic Systems
Nitrogen Fixation
Nitrification
Denitrification
Anammox
The Sulfur Cycle in the Aquatic System and Bacteria
Iron Bacteria
4.1.5 Archae
4.1.5.1 General Properties of Archaea
4.1.5.2 Taxonomic Groups Among Archeae
Euryarchaeota
Crenarchaeota
4.1.6 Microbial Taxonomic Groups Among Eucharia
4.1.6.1 Protozoa
4.1.6.2 Fungi
Taxonomy of Fungi
4.1.6.3 Algae
Taxonomy of Algae
4.1.7 Viruses
4.1.7.1 Viral Taxonomy and Nomenclature
4.1.7.2 The Viral Groups
DNA Viruses (Groups I and II)
RNA Viruses (Groups III, IV and V)
Reverse Transcribing Viruses (Groups VI and VII)
The Structure of the DNA and RNA Viruses
4.1.7.3 Bacteriophages in the Aquatic Environment
Life History of Bacteriophages
Methods for the Study of Bacteriophages
Isolation and Enumeration of Bacteriophages
Bacteriophages and Their Bacterial Hosts
4.1.8 Small Multicellular Macroorganisms in Aquatic Systems
4.1.8.1 Crustaceans (Including Rotifers)
4.1.8.2 Nematodes
References
Part III: The Ecology of Microorganisms in Natural Waters
5: Ecology of Microorganisms in Freshwater
5.1 Microbial Ecology of Atmospheric Waters
5.2 Microbial Ecology of Surface Waters
5.2.1 Rivers and Streams
5.2.2 Lakes and Ponds
5.2.3 Wetlands
5.3 Ground Waters
5.4 Some Microorganisms Usually Encountered in Fresh Water
5.4.1 Bacteria
5.4.1.1 New Data Regarding Freshwater Bacteria
5.4.2 Fungi
5.4.3 Algae
5.4.4 Protozoa
5.5 Succession of Organisms in the Breakdown Materials Added to Aquatic Systems
5.5.1 The Physiological Basis of Aquatic Microbial Ecology
5.6 Microbial Loop and the Food Web in a Freshwater System
References
6: Ecology of Microorganisms in Saline Waters (Seas and Oceans)
6.1 The Ocean Environment
6.2 Some Properties of Sea Water
6.2.1 Salinity
6.2.2 Temperature
6.2.3 Light
6.2.4 Nutrients
6.2.5 Oxygen and CO2 in the Marine Environment
6.2.6 Sea Sediments
6.3 Microbial Ecology of the Seas and Oceans
6.3.1 Bacteria
6.3.2 Archae
6.3.3 Fungi
6.3.4 Algae
6.3.5 Protozoa
6.3.6 Viruses
6.3.7 Plankton
6.4 Unique Aspects of the Existence of Microorganisms in the Marine Environment
6.4.1 Low Temperature
6.4.2 High Pressure
6.4.3 Oxygen
6.4.4 Food/Nutrients
6.4.5 Light
6.4.6 High Temperature
6.4.7 Size in Marine Microorganisms
6.5 The Place of Microorganisms in the Food Chains of the Oceans and Seas
6.6 Marine Microorganisms and Their Influence on Global Climate and Global Nutrient Recycling
6.6.1 The Influence of Marine Microorganisms on Global Climate and Global Nutrient Recycling
6.6.1.1 Global Marine Algal Sulfur Recycling, Dimethylsulfoniopropionate, Dimethyl Sulfide and Climate Change
6.6.1.2 Carbon Recycling by Marine Algae and Reduction of Global Warming
6.6.1.3 Marine Microorganisms and the Nitrogen Economy of Seas and Oceans
Nitrogen Fixation in the Ocean
Anaerobic Oxidations of Ammonium and of Methane
6.6.1.4 The Global C:N
Marine Ratio and Its Maintenance Through Microbial Activity: The Redfield RatioReferences
Part IV: Pollution and Purification of, and Disease Transmission in, Water
7: Pollution of Aquatic Systems: Pollution Through Eutrophication, Fecal Materials, and Oil Spills
7.1 Nature of Pollution
7.1.1 The Concept of the Self-purification of Water as Basis for the Understanding of Pollution
7.1.2 Definition of Pollution
7.1.3 Kinds of Pollutants
7.1.4 Pollution by Eutrophication
7.1.4.1 “Algal Blooms” and Eutrophication
Factors Encouraging Bloom Formation
Factors Adversely Affecting Blooms
7.1.5 Biological Indicators of Pollution by Eutrophication
7.2 Pollution of Water with Reference to Human Health: Bacterial Indicators of Fecal Pollution
7.2.1 Microbiological Examination of Water for Fecal Contamination
7.2.1.1 Principle of Indicator Organisms
7.2.1.2 Procedure for the Determination of Fecal Contamination
7.2.1.3 Methods Used in the Enumeration of Indicator Organisms in Water
7.2.1.4 Standard Water Analysis
The Presumptive Test
The Confirmed Test
The Completed Test
7.2.1.5 Total Maximum Daily Loads and Microbial Source Tracking in Water Pollution
Microbial Source Tracking
Methodologies Employed in MST
Choice of the MST Method to Use
7.3 Pollution by Petroleum in Oceans and Seas: Role of Microorganisms in Oil Degradation and Remediation
7.3.1 Composition of Crude Oil
7.3.1.1 Categorization of Crude Petroleum
7.3.2 Oil Spills
7.3.2.1 Behavior of Oil in an Oil Spill
7.3.2.2 Remediation of Oil Spills
References
8: Disease Transmission in Water
8.1 Disease Transmission Through Drinking Water
8.1.1 Communicable Diseases Transmitted Through Drinking Water
8.1.2 Disease Outbreaks in Drinking Water Due to the Presence of Chemicals, and Biotoxins
8.1.2.1 Brief Notes on Some Water-Borne Diseases
Cholera
Salmonellosis
Cryptosporidiosis
Shigellosis
Tuberculosis
Atypical Tuberculosis
Leptospirosis
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli
Aeromonas
Amoebiasis
Giardiasis
Viruses
Parasitic Worms
8.2 Disease Transmission in Recreational Waters
8.2.1 Disease Transmission in Recreational Waters Through Fecal Material
8.2.1.1 Fecal Bacteria Which Have Caused Disease Outbreaks in Recreational Waters
8.2.1.2 Fecal Protozoa Which Have Caused Disease Outbreaks in Recreational Waters
8.2.1.3 Fecal Viruses Which Have Caused Disease Outbreaks in Recreational Waters
8.2.2 Disease Transmission in Recreational Water Through Non-fecal Material
8.2.2.1 Disease Transmission by Bacteria in Recreational Water Through Non-fecal Material
8.2.2.2 Disease Transmission by Viruses in Recreational Water Through Non-fecal Material
8.2.2.3 Disease Transmission by Protozoa in Recreational Water Through Non-fecal Material
8.2.2.4 Disease Transmission by Fungi in Recreational Water Through Non-fecal Material: Trichophyton spp. and Epidermophyton floccosum
8.3 Disease Transmission Through Shellfish Growing in Fecally Contaminated Water
8.3.1 Description of Shellfish
8.3.2 Monitoring the Aquatic Environment of Shellfish Growth
8.3.2.1 Procedure for Monitoring Shellfish Growing Areas in the US
Classification of Shellfish Growing Areas
8.4 Recent Developments Regarding Knowledge of Pathogens in Drinking Water
References
9: Municipal Purification of Water
9.1 The Need for Water Purification
9.2 The Quality of the Raw Water to Be Purified
9.3 Processes for the Municipal Purification of Water
9.3.1 Pretreatments
9.3.2 Storage and Sedimentation Without Coagulation
9.3.3 Aeration
9.3.4 Coagulation and Flocculation
9.3.5 Sedimentation
9.3.6 Filtration
9.3.7 Chlorination (and Other Methods of) Disinfection
9.3.7.1 Reactions of Chlorine with Chemicals Found in Water
9.3.7.2 The Present Practice of Water Chlorination
9.3.7.3 Mode of Action of Chlorine Disinfection
9.3.7.4 Factors Affecting the Efficacy of Disinfection in Water by Chlorine (and the other Halogens)
9.3.7.5 Tests for Chlorine in Water
9.3.7.6 Alternative Methods of Disinfection Besides Chlorine and Other Halogens
9.3.7.7 Ozone
Factors affecting the Efficacy of Ozonation in Water
Mode of Action of Ozone
9.3.8 Ultraviolet Light
9.3.8.1 Mode of Action and Use of UV
9.3.9 Iron and Manganese Control
9.3.10 Softening of Water
9.3.11 Fluoridation
9.3.12 Algae Control (and Control of Taste and Odors)
9.3.12.1 Methods for the Control of Algae and Taste and Odor
9.3.13 Color and Turbidity Removal
9.3.14 Miscellaneous Treatments Water Purification
9.3.14.1 Plumbosolvency Removal
9.3.14.2 Radium (Radioactivity) Removal
9.3.14.3 Reverse Osmosis
9.3.14.4 Ion Exchange
9.3.14.5 Electrodeionization
9.4 Purification of Bottled Water
9.5 Standards Required of Water
9.5.1 Standards Required for Drinking Water
9.5.1.1 The Microbiological Standards
9.5.1.2 Turbidity
9.5.1.3 Chemical Standards
9.5.2 Standards Required for Recreational Waters
9.5.3 Standards Required for Shellfish Harvesting Waters
References
Part V: Waste Disposal in Aquatic and Solid Media
10: Waste Disposal in the Aqueous Medium: Sewage Disposal
10.1 Nature of Wastes
10.2 Methods for the Determination of Organic Matter Content in Sewage and Wastewaters
10.2.1 Determination of Dissolved Oxygen
10.2.1.1 The Biological or Biochemical Oxygen Demand Test
10.2.1.2 Permanganate Value Test
10.2.1.3 Chemical Oxygen Demand
10.2.1.4 Total Organic Carbon
10.2.1.5 Total Suspended Solids
10.2.1.6 Volatile Suspended Solids
10.3 Systems for the Treatment of Sewage
10.3.1 Aerobic Breakdown of Raw Waste Waters
10.3.1.1 The Activated Sludge System
Microbiology of the Activated Sludge Process
Bulking in Activated Sludge Systems
Nutrition of Organisms in the Activated Sludge Process
Modifications of the Activated Sludge System
Efficiency of Activated Sludge Treatments
10.3.1.2 The Trickling Filter
Microbiology of the Trickling Filter
10.3.1.3 Rotating Discs
10.3.1.4 Oxidation Ponds
The Microbiology of the Oxidation Pond
10.3.2 Anaerobic Sewage Systems
10.3.2.1 Treatment of the Sludge from Aerobic Sewage Treatment Systems: Anaerobic Breakdown of Sludge
10.3.2.2 The Septic Tank
10.3.2.3 The Imhoff Tank
10.3.2.4 Cesspools
10.4 Advanced Wastewater Treatment
10.4.1 Methods Used in Advanced Wastewater Treatment
References*
11: The Disposal of Municipal Solid Wastes
11.1 The Nature of Wastes in General
11.2 The World-Wide Development of Interest in the Environment
11.2.1 The Stockholm Conference, 1972: Beginning of World-Wide Interest in the Protection of the Environment
11.2.2 Environmental Regulation in the European Union
11.2.3 Environmental Regulations in Japan
11.2.4 Governmental Regulation of the Environment in Ghana
11.2.5 Egypt’s Environmental Affairs Agency
11.3 Nature of Municipal Solid Wastes
11.3.1 Integrated Solid Waste Management
11.3.1.1 Source Reduction
11.3.1.2 Recycling
11.3.1.3 Incineration with Energy Recovery
Modern and Emerging (and Safer?) Methods of the Thermal Treating of MSW
11.3.1.4 Composting
Preprocessing
Compost Processing Conditions
Compost Post Processing or the Curing Stage
Microbiology of Composting
11.3.1.5 Landfills Used in the Disposal of MSW
Factors to be Considered in Planning an MSW Landfill
Parts of a Landfill
Operation of a Landfill
Problems of Landfills
11.4 Anaerobic Breakdown of Organic Matter in Landfills (and Aquatic Sediments)
11.4.1 Some Properties of Methanogens
11.4.2 Landfill Gas
11.4.2.1 Landfill Methane Capture Technology
11.5 Options for Municipal Solid Wastes Management
References
Index
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