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Peter Doudoroff
TOXICITY TO FISH OF CYANIDES AND RELATED COMPOUNDS
A Review
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
DULUTH, MINNESOTA 55804
EPA-600/3-76-038
April 1976
Abstract (OCR´ed!):
The world literature on the toxicity to fish of simple and complex
cyanides, nitriles, cyanogen chloride, thiocyanates, and cyanates is
reviewed critically and interpretively. Differently determined limits
of toxicant concentrations tolerated by various fishes are compared, and
their variation with exposure time, the pH, temperature, and dissolved
oxygen and mineral content of the water, body size, age, acclimation,
etc., is examined. Interactions of free cyanide with other toxic water
pollutants also are considered. Available data on effects of sublethal
levels of free cyanide on growth, food consumption and utilization,
swimming ability, behavior, etc., and observations on avoidance reactions
of fish to the toxicant are summarized and their ecological significance
is discussed. After a brief introduction to the chemistry
of complex metallocyanides and their behavior in dilute solutions, the
acute toxicity of the solutions is thoroughly considered and related to
concentrations of their identifiable components. The dominant role of
molecular hydrocyanic acid produced by dissociation or photolysis of the
metallocyanide complexes as a lethal agent responsible for the toxicity
of most of the toxic solutions tested is given particular attention; the
relative toxicity of complex metallocyanide ions also is considered.
Some conclusions regarding acceptable concentrations of free cyanide in
receiving waters are presented.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of Grant Number R-802459 by
Oregon State University under the (partial) sponsorship of the Environmental
Protection Agency. Work was completed as of September 1975.
TOXICITY TO FISH OF CYANIDES AND RELATED COMPOUNDS
A Review
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
DULUTH, MINNESOTA 55804
EPA-600/3-76-038
April 1976
Abstract (OCR´ed!):
The world literature on the toxicity to fish of simple and complex
cyanides, nitriles, cyanogen chloride, thiocyanates, and cyanates is
reviewed critically and interpretively. Differently determined limits
of toxicant concentrations tolerated by various fishes are compared, and
their variation with exposure time, the pH, temperature, and dissolved
oxygen and mineral content of the water, body size, age, acclimation,
etc., is examined. Interactions of free cyanide with other toxic water
pollutants also are considered. Available data on effects of sublethal
levels of free cyanide on growth, food consumption and utilization,
swimming ability, behavior, etc., and observations on avoidance reactions
of fish to the toxicant are summarized and their ecological significance
is discussed. After a brief introduction to the chemistry
of complex metallocyanides and their behavior in dilute solutions, the
acute toxicity of the solutions is thoroughly considered and related to
concentrations of their identifiable components. The dominant role of
molecular hydrocyanic acid produced by dissociation or photolysis of the
metallocyanide complexes as a lethal agent responsible for the toxicity
of most of the toxic solutions tested is given particular attention; the
relative toxicity of complex metallocyanide ions also is considered.
Some conclusions regarding acceptable concentrations of free cyanide in
receiving waters are presented.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of Grant Number R-802459 by
Oregon State University under the (partial) sponsorship of the Environmental
Protection Agency. Work was completed as of September 1975.
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